Questions about Dutch sentences

[Josquin]

Kwarktaart framboos en aardbei zijn hier absolute favoriet!
Raspberry and strawberry cheesecake are absolute favorites here!

Technically, these aren't adjectives but nouns...

[tommus]

Kwarktaart framboos en aardbei zijn hier absolute favoriet!
Raspberry and strawberry cheesecake are absolute favorites here!

Technically, these aren't adjectives but nouns...

Interesting! Then what is "kwarktaart"? An adjective?

[urubu]

Kwarktaart framboos en aardbei zijn hier absolute favoriet!
Raspberry and strawberry cheesecake are absolute favorites here!

Technically, these aren't adjectives but nouns...

Interesting! Then what is "kwarktaart"? An adjective?

I think it's what is technically called an apposition (bijstelling), like 'leraar Duits'.
Dutch culinary language abounds with constructions like these: 'broodje gehakt', 'patatje rotzooi', etc.

[tommus]

Natuurkunde is heel erg vreemd, maar het went.

This statement is in this tweet: George van Hal tweet
The second part is confusing to me. DeepL translates this statement in several ways:

Physics is very strange, but it is familiar.
Physics is very strange, but it is confused.
Physics is very strange, but it is getting used to it.
And several others translations.

What does a native Dutch speaker think it means?

[smallwhite]

Natuurkunde is heel erg vreemd, maar het went.

..., but you get used to it.

[tommus]

1. Zijn dokter aanraadde onlangs hem enkele kilo’s af te vallen.
2. Zijn dokter aanraadde hem onlangs enkele kilo’s af te vallen.
3. Zijn dokter onlangs aanraadde hem enkele kilo’s af te vallen.
4. Zijn dokter onlangs hem aanraadde enkele kilo’s af te vallen.

His doctor recently advised him to lose a few kilos.

Which (if any or all) of the Dutch sentences is/are correct?

[Christi]

1. Zijn dokter aanraadde onlangs hem enkele kilo’s af te vallen.
2. Zijn dokter aanraadde hem onlangs enkele kilo’s af te vallen.
3. Zijn dokter onlangs aanraadde hem enkele kilo’s af te vallen.
4. Zijn dokter onlangs hem aanraadde enkele kilo’s af te vallen.

His doctor recently advised him to lose a few kilos.

Which (if any or all) of the Dutch sentences is/are correct?

None of these are correct. Aanraden is word containing a preposition; aan. Aanraden, aangeven, opstellen, neerzetten etc.
When conjugating these words they get taken apart.

So I think a correct sentence could be: zijn dokter raadde hem onlangs aan enkele kilo's af te vallen (last verb is another example of what I mean).

Sorry I don't know what the grammatical word is for this rule, hope my explanation made sense.

[tommus]

Sorry I don't know what the grammatical word is for this rule

These types of verbs are called separable verbs. But I find it a bit challenging to know when they separate.

This sentence was derived from a newspaper article which had the following sentence:

"De Amerikaanse president Donald Trump luistert naar de raad van zijn dokter, die hem onlangs aanraadde enkele kilo’s af te vallen."

Newspaper article

Why does 'aanraadde' separate in your version of the sentence but not in the newspaper version or in my versions? Does the relative clause (after die) force the separable verb to not separate?

[tarvos]

Subordinate clauses force separable verbs back together, yes.

But more important is to be able to recognize a separable verb, which you can do by checking the pronunciation: the prefix is separable if it receives stress.

Christi, there are cases where you do have a preposition but the verb does NOT separate - this has to do with the fact that the stress doesn't fall on the first syllable.

Vóórkomen (to exist in a certain area) vs voorkómen (to prevent).

[Christi]

Subordinate clauses force separable verbs back together, yes.

Christi, there are cases where you do have a preposition but the verb does NOT separate - this has to do with the fact that the stress doesn't fall on the first syllable.

Vóórkomen (to exist in a certain area) vs voorkómen (to prevent).

Ah, yes! Forgot about this. Not something you think about very often as a native speaker. Good to know!