{language log routinel

Continue or start your personal language log here, including logs for challenge participants
ninuno
Yellow Belt
Posts: 76
Joined: Tue Mar 03, 2020 2:48 pm
Languages: English (B2-C), French (B1), German (A1), Russian(?),
Spanish (B1), Italian (?), Portuguese (?), Polish (?),
Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Pashto,
Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Telugu, Tamil,
Mandarin Chinese (N), Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese,
Thai, Filipino, Malay-Indonesian, Burmese,
Soteapanec, !Xóõ, etc
x 31

{language log routinel

Postby ninuno » Fri Jul 24, 2020 7:44 pm

Linguistics and Languages

routinel



gre.app单词书 hsk.app

德语词汇4000
passwort mittelpunkt? erkundungen
+ mooc sprachtechnologie + cousera finanz
法语进阶 i ii iii
reflets + alter ego
+ cousera b1-b2 + dialogues courantes
俄语学生词典
doroga v rossiy + cousera sanktpetersburg
意西葡
it es pt
eu

阿 词汇 ?
ar? mastering arabic I + II
土 freq
tk ?
波 freq
ps ?
印????
hn bn tl tm ?
ex



日 分类?
jp ?
韩 分类?
kr ?
????
vt th ph id ?
ez

my nh qu am
sw ig yb af
psx
ocn

lings

英 德 法 拉 俄 阿 印 汉 它



gre.app

french grammar usage
french phrasebook ?
- verb conjugations

german grammar usage
german phrasebook ?
- noun plurals

using russian
lonely planet russian
-perfective/imperfective
-adj short form + accent mark
noun declension + accent mark
verb conjugation + accent mark

italian at a glance, italian words
lonely planet spanish phrasebook
portuguese vocab app , phrasebook

euot




arabic ???
- essentials of grammar
nouns plurals/verb forms
maghreb/egyptian/saudi-gulf/levantine/iraqi


turkish student grammar
turkish phrasebook
kazak, centrasian

persian textbook
lonely planet persian
psht , kurd


hindi grammar
teach yourself hindi
phrasebook
bengali grammar ?
teach yourself bengali
phrasebook

tamil grammar
colloquial tamil
phrasebook
telugu
?
?

hb?


hsk.app

japanese riyushu
japanese juxing
japanese phrasebook

korean hanyushu
korean juxing
korean phrasebook

vietnamese grammar phrasebook
thai grammar phrasebook
filipino grammar phrasebook
indonesian grammar phrasebook
bm


?
maya
quichwa
?

?
swahili
igbo/yoruba
?

sbr

aus




--

colq, fr de tsp ru
ar --------------- jp


-
en fr? de? ru? it-es-pt?
(nlsvnrdm plczscbg hnfilvlt rm al gr eu
ar? tk? ps? hn? bn? tm? tl?
(kzuz puku mg mk ne sn
zh jp? kr? vt th ? fp mn ?
( bm kh m t
mynh qu ibyo sw sa as
(na sa nf sf ling

https://www.allmystery.de/
https://www.forumfr.com/
https://www.pikabu.ru/
http://www.ok.ru/ http://www.vk.ru/
http://www.elforo.com/
https://www.reddit.com/r/italy/
https://www.reddit.com/r/brasil/
https://www.reddit.com/r/thenetherlands/
https://www.reddit.com/r/sweden/
https://www.reddit.com/r/polska/
https://www.reddit.com/r/czech/
https://www.reddit.com/r/hungary/
https://www.reddit.com/r/Romania/
etc

https://m.kooora.com/default.aspx
https://www.hawaaworld.com/
https://mobile.donanimhaber.com/
http://www.topforum.ir/
https://www.urduweb.org/mehfil/
helo.app


https://s.amebame.com/
https://www.lineblog.me/
https://blog.livedoor.com/
https://m.pann.nate.com/
http://blog.daum.net/m/
http://m.blog.naver.com/
https://forums.voz.vn/
https://postjung.com/
https://pinoyexchange.com/
https://m.kaskus.co.id/

am
af
Last edited by ninuno on Sat Oct 31, 2020 11:25 am, edited 29 times in total.
0 x

ninuno
Yellow Belt
Posts: 76
Joined: Tue Mar 03, 2020 2:48 pm
Languages: English (B2-C), French (B1), German (A1), Russian(?),
Spanish (B1), Italian (?), Portuguese (?), Polish (?),
Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Pashto,
Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Telugu, Tamil,
Mandarin Chinese (N), Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese,
Thai, Filipino, Malay-Indonesian, Burmese,
Soteapanec, !Xóõ, etc
x 31

Re: language log routinel

Postby ninuno » Fri Jul 24, 2020 7:46 pm

german dative verbs adjectives preposition

antworten to answer imponieren to impress
begegnen to encounter Leid tun to be sorry
danken to thank nutzen to be useful to
dienen to serve passen to suit
drohen to threaten passieren to happen to
ein•fallen to occur to reichen to be enough
fehlen to be missing schaden to damage
folgen to follow schmecken to taste
gefallen to be pleasing to schwer•fallen to be difficult for
gehören to belong to vertrauen to trust
gelingen to succeed verzeihen to forgive
glauben to believe weh•tun to hurt
gratulieren to congratulate widersprechen to contradict
helfen to help zu•hören to listen to


ähnlich similar gleich same
angenehm pleasant leicht easy
begreiflich understandable nützlich useful
behilflich helpful peinlich embarrassing
bekannt known schädlich damaging
bequem comfortable teuer expensive
dankbar thankful verwandt related
fremd foreign willkommen welcome



aus out of, from nach to, after, according to
außer except for seit since, for (+ time period)
bei at, with von from, by
gegenüber opposite, in relation to zu to
mit with; by means of


an at, on (a vertical surface) über above, over
auf at, on (a horizontal surface) unter under
hinter behind vor in front of; before
in in zwischen between
neben beside
0 x

ninuno
Yellow Belt
Posts: 76
Joined: Tue Mar 03, 2020 2:48 pm
Languages: English (B2-C), French (B1), German (A1), Russian(?),
Spanish (B1), Italian (?), Portuguese (?), Polish (?),
Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Pashto,
Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Telugu, Tamil,
Mandarin Chinese (N), Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese,
Thai, Filipino, Malay-Indonesian, Burmese,
Soteapanec, !Xóõ, etc
x 31

Re: language log routinel

Postby ninuno » Fri Jul 24, 2020 8:06 pm

AN
In verb + preposition idioms, the two-way preposition an is used more frequently with the dative case than with the accusative case. Most of the an + accusative phrases refer to mental processes. The preposition in an + dative idioms often means in connection with, with respect to.


denken an (+ acc.) to think of (somebody / something)
erinnern an (+acc.) to remind of (sb. / sth.)
sich erinnern an (+ acc.) to remember (sb. / sth.)
sich gewöhnen an (+ acc.) to get used to (sb. / sth.)
glauben an (+ acc.) to believe in (sb. / sth.)
schreiben an (+ acc.) to write to (sb.)
arbeiten an (+ dat.) to work on (sth.)
hindern an (+ dat.) to prevent from doing (sth.)
leiden an (+ dat.) to suffer from (sth.)
sterben an (+ dat.) to die of (sth.)
teil·nehmen an (+ dat.) to take part in (sth.)
zweifeln an (+ dat.) to doubt (sth.)

AUF
In verb + preposition idioms, the two-way preposition auf is almost always used with the accusative. In the few instances where auf occurs with the dative, it indicates an enduring position, a lack of movement. Auf is the most commonly used preposition in verb + preposition idioms.
achten auf (+ acc.) to pay attention to (sb. / sth.)
antworten auf (+ acc.) to answer (sth.)
auf·passen auf (+ acc.) to keep an eye on (sb. / sth.)
beschränken auf (+ acc.) to limit to (sth.)
sich beziehen auf (+ acc.) to refer to (sb. / sth.)
sich freuen auf (+ acc.) to look forward to (sth.)
hin·weisen auf (+ acc.) to point to (sth.)
hoffen auf (+ acc.) to hope for (sth.)
sich konzentrieren auf (+ acc.) to concentrate on (sth.)
reagieren auf (+ acc.) to react to (sth.)
sich verlassen auf (+ acc.) to rely on (sb. / sth.)
verzichten auf (+ acc.) to do without (sb. / sth.)
warten auf (+ acc.) to wait for (sb. / sth.)
zählen auf (+ acc.) to count on (sb. / sth.)
bestehen auf (+ dat.) to insist on (sth.)

AUS
The dative preposition aus usually remains close to its conventional meaning of of or from.
bestehen aus to consist of (sth.)
entnehmen aus to gather from (sth.)
sich ergeben aus to result from (sth.)
schließen aus to conclude from (sth.)

FÜR
The accusative preposition für usually remains close to its conventional meaning for.
sich begeistern für to be enthusiastic about (sth.)
danken für to thank for (sth.)
sich eignen für to be suitable for (sb. / sth.)
sich entscheiden für to decide in favor of (sb. / sth.)
halten für to consider to be (sth.)
sich interessieren für to be interested in (sb. / sth.)
sorgen für to take care of (sb. / sth.)

IN
In most verb + preposition combinations, the two-way preposition in is used with the accusative.
ein·führen in (+ acc.) to introduce to (sth.)
sich ein·mischen in (+ acc.) to intervene, meddle in (sth.)
ein·willigen in (+ acc.) to agree to (sth.)
sich verlieben in (+ acc.) to fall in love with (sb.)
sich vertiefen in (+ acc.) to become engrossed in (sth.)
bestehen in (+ dat.) consist in (sth.)

MIT
The dative preposition mit normally means with in verb + preposition idioms.
sich ab·finden mit to be satisfied with (sth.)
an·fangen mit to start with (sth.)
auf·hören mit to stop doing (sth.)
sich befassen mit to deal with (sb. / sth.)
sich beschäftigen mit to be busy with (sb. / sth.)
rechnen mit to count on (sth.)
sprechen mit to speak with (sb.)
telefonieren mit to talk on the phone with (sb.)
überein·stimmen mit to agree with (sb. / sth.)
sich unterhalten mit to converse with (sb.)

NACH
The dative preposition nach often means after or for with verbs of calling, asking, longing, and reaching. With sensory verbs (e.g. to smell, to taste), nach usually means of or like.
aus·sehen nach to look like (sth.)
sich erkundigen nach to inquire about (sb. / sth.)
fragen nach to ask about/for (sb. / sth.)
greifen nach to grab at (sth.)
riechen nach to smell like/of (sth.)
schmecken nach to taste like (sth.)
sich sehnen nach to long for (sth.)
streben nach to strive for (sth.)
suchen nach to search for (sb. / sth.)

ÜBER
In verb + preposition idioms, the two-way preposition über is always used with the accusative case. In a number of idioms, über means about.
sich ärgern über (+ acc.) to be annoyed about (sb. / sth.)
sich beschweren über (+ acc.) to complain about (sb. / sth.)
diskutieren über (+ acc.) to discuss (sth.)
sich informieren über (+ acc.) to inform oneself about (sth.)
klagen über (+ acc.) to complain about (sb. / sth.)
lachen über (+ acc.) to laugh about (sb. / sth.)
nach·denken über (+ acc.) to think about, ponder (sb. / sth.)
spotten über (+ acc.) to mock (sb. / sth.)
sprechen über (+ acc.) to talk about (sb. / sth.)
sich streiten über (+ acc.) to argue about (sth.)
urteilen über (+ acc.) to judge (sb. / sth.)
verfügen über (+ acc.) to have (sth.) at one's disposal
sich wundern über (+ acc) to be surpised at/about (sb. / sth.)

UM
The accusative preposition um usually has the sense of concerning or with respect to in verb + preposition idioms.
sich bemühen um to make efforts toward (sth.)
betrügen um to cheat out of (sth.)
bitten um to ask for (sth.)
sich handeln um to be about (sth.)
kämpfen um to fight about (sth.)
konkurrieren um to compete for (sth.)
sich kümmern um to take care of (sb. / sth.)

VON
The dative preposition von usually has the sense of English of or from in verb + preposition idioms. Some verbs of thinking or communication may be used in combination with von or über in the sense of about, but in these instances über conveys a more in-depth knowledge or communication than does von.
ab·hängen von to depend on (sb. / sth.)
ab·raten von to advise against (sth.)
ab·sehen von to disregard (sth.)
erholen von to recover from (sth.)
erzählen von to tell about (sb. / sth.)
etw. halten von to think sth. of (sb. / sth.)
sprechen von to speak of (sb. / sth.)
träumen von to dream of (sb. / sth.)
überzeugen von to convince of (sth.)
wissen von to know of (sb. / sth.)

VOR
The two-way preposition vor is always used with the dative case in verb + preposition idioms. With verbs of fear and protection, it usually means of and from or against respectively.
Angst haben vor (+ dat.) to be afraid of (sb. / sth.)
beschützen vor (+ dat) to protect from (sb. / sth.)
fliehen vor (+ dat.) to flee from (sb. /sth.)
sich fürchten vor (+ dat.) to be afraid of (sb. / sth.)
sich hüten vor (+ dat.) to be on guard against (sb. / sth.)
retten vor (+ dat.) to save from (sb. / sth.)
warnen vor (+ dat.) to warn against (sb. / sth.)

ZU
In verb + preposition idioms, the dative preposition zu sometimes means to or into, particularly with verbs of empowering, leading, persuading, etc.
bei·tragen zu to contribute to (sb. / sth.)
bewegen zu to induce to (do sth.)
dienen zu to serve the purpose of (sth.)
sich eignen zu to be suitable as (sth.)
führen zu to lead to (sth.)
gehören zu to part of (sth.)
gratulieren zu to congratulate on (sth.)
heraus·fordern zu to challenge to (sth.)
neigen zu to lean toward (sb. / sth.)
passen zu to suit (sb. / sth.)
rechnen zu to count as one of (sth.)
treiben zu to drive / impel to (sth.)
überreden zu to talk into (sth.)
zählen zu to count as one of (sth.)
zwingen zu
1 x

ninuno
Yellow Belt
Posts: 76
Joined: Tue Mar 03, 2020 2:48 pm
Languages: English (B2-C), French (B1), German (A1), Russian(?),
Spanish (B1), Italian (?), Portuguese (?), Polish (?),
Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Pashto,
Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Telugu, Tamil,
Mandarin Chinese (N), Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese,
Thai, Filipino, Malay-Indonesian, Burmese,
Soteapanec, !Xóõ, etc
x 31

Re: language log routinel

Postby ninuno » Fri Jul 24, 2020 8:12 pm

genitive prepositions and verbs and adj

(an)statt instead of jenseits on the other side of
anlässlich on the occasion of kraft by virtue of
anstelle in place of laut according to
aufgrund on the basis of seitens on the part of
außerhalb outside of trotz despite, in spite of
bezüglich with regard to während during
innerhalb within wegen because of


sich annehmen to see to sich enthalten to refrain from
sich bedienen to make use of gedenken to think of
bedürfen to be in need of sich rühmen to boast of
sich bemächtigen to take control of sich vergewissern to make certain of


bedürftig in need sicher certain
bewusst conscious verdächtig suspicious
gewiß certain wert worth
schuldig guilty würdig worthy
0 x

ninuno
Yellow Belt
Posts: 76
Joined: Tue Mar 03, 2020 2:48 pm
Languages: English (B2-C), French (B1), German (A1), Russian(?),
Spanish (B1), Italian (?), Portuguese (?), Polish (?),
Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Pashto,
Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Telugu, Tamil,
Mandarin Chinese (N), Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese,
Thai, Filipino, Malay-Indonesian, Burmese,
Soteapanec, !Xóõ, etc
x 31

Re: language log routinel

Postby ninuno » Fri Jul 24, 2020 8:33 pm

French Homophones: A

a - first letter of the French alphabet
a - third person singular conjugation of avoir (to have)
Il a une question - He has a question
à (preposition) - to, at, in
Je vais à la banque - I'm going to the bank

abaisse(s) - singular conjugations of abaisser (to lower)
Abaisse le drapeau - Lower the flag
une abaisse - rolled-out pastry
J'ai fait une abaisse de 5 mm - I rolled out the pastry to 5 mm
une abbesse - abbess
L'abbesse habite au couvent - The abbess lives in the convent

accro - (inf adj) hooked, addicted
un accro - addict, lover
Je suis accro de français - I'm a French lover/addict
un accroc - tear, blot

ai - first person singular present indicative conjugation of avoir (to have)
J'ai une idée - I have an idea
aie - first person singular subjunctive of avoir
aient - third person plural subjunctive of avoir
aies - second person singular subjunctive of avoir
ait - third person singular subjunctive of avoir
es - second person singular present indicative of être (to be)
est - third person singular present indicative of être
et - (conjunction) and
Il est grand et beau - He is tall and handsome

un aide - male assistant
Je vais embaucher un aide - I'm going to hire an assistant
une aide - help, assistance, female assistant
J'ai besoin de votre aide - I need your help

air, aire - see r

une amande - almond
J'aime bien la pâte aux amandes - I really like almond paste
une amende - fine
Tu dois payer une amende de 50 euros - You have to pay a 50-euro fine

an - year
J'habite ici depuis un an - I've lived here for a year
en (adverbial pronoun) - of it/them
J'en veux trois - I want three of them
en (preposition) - to, in
Je vais en France - I'm going to France

août - August
Il n'y a pas de cours en août - There are no classes in August
Hou ! - Boo!<

br/>une houe - hoe
le houx - holly
ou (coordinating conjunction) - or
C'est à toi ou à moi ? - Is it your turn or mine?
où (relative pronoun) - where
Où vas-tu ? - Where are you going?

au (contraction of à + le) - to the
Je vais au marché - I'm going to the market
aux - to the (contraction of à + les)
eau - water
o - the letter o
oh (interjection) - oh

aussitôt (adverb) - immediately
Aussitôt dit, aussitôt fait - No sooner said than done
aussi tôt - as/so early
J'arriverai aussi tôt que possible - I will arrive as early as possible

un autel - altar
Il y a toujours des fleurs sur l'autel - There are always flowers on the altar
un hôtel - hotel
Je cherche un hôtel à Paris - I'm looking for a hotel in Paris

un auteur - author
C'est un auteur connu - He's a well-known author
une hauteur - height
Quelle est la hauteur de la porte ?

- How tall is the door?

un avocat - avocado
un avocat - lawyer

B

b - the second letter of the alphabet
bée - open-mouthed
Il reste bouche bée - He is standing open-mouthed (in wonder)

bai (horse) - bay
une baie - bay
J'habite près de la baie - I live near the bay
une baie - berry

un bar - bar/pub
Il y a un bar américain près d'ici - There's an American bar nearby
un bar - bass
Je ne sais pas préparer le bar - I don't know how to prepare bass
une barre - bar (rod), barre, helm
Pourquoi y a-t-il une barre ici ? - Why is there a bar here?

(un) Beur - (informal) second-generation North African (verlan of Arabe)
le beurre - butter

bois - first and second person singular of boire (to drink)
Je ne bois pas d'alcool - I don't drink alcohol
le bois - wood
Nous avons un four à bois - We have a wood stove
boit - third person singular of boire

la boue - mud
le bout - tip

un boum - bang, explosion
Et puis boum ! tout est tombé - And then boom!

everything fell down
un boum - (familiar) success
Je n'ai jamais vu un tel boum - I've never seen such (incredible) success
le boum - (familiar) activity
La fête est en plein boum - The party's in full swing
une boum - (informal) party
La boum commence à 22h - The party starts at 10pm

un brin - blade (of grass)
Le chien a mangé un brin d'herbe - The dog ate a blade of grass
un brin - (informal) a bit
Un brin plus haut, s'il te plaît - A bit higher, please
brun - dark-haired
Le brun est plus beau que le blond - The dark-haired man is more handsome than the blond
Note: These two words aren't homophones for everyone; some French speakers make a distinction between in and un.

bu - past participle of of boire
le but - goal (note that some people pronounce the final t)

C

c - letter of the French alphabet
ces (demonstrative adjective) - these
J'aime ces fleurs - I like these flowers
c'est - it/this is
C'est difficile de trouver un bon emploi - It's hard to find a good job
sais - first and second person singular present indicative of savoir (to know)
Je ne sais pas - I don't know
sait - third person singular present indicative of savoir
ses (possessive adjective) - his, her, its
Voici ses livres - Here are his/her books
s'est - reflexive pronoun se + third person singular of être (to be)
Il s'est déjà habillé - He already got dressed

ça indefinite demonstrative pronoun - it, that
Je n'aime pas ça - I don't like that
sa (possessive adjective) - his, her, its
C'est sa sœur - That's his/her sister

car (conjunction) - since, for
La réunion fut annulée car le président est malade - The meeting was canceled since the president is sick
un quart - quarter
un kilo et quart - one and a quarter kilos

ce (indefinite demonstrative pronoun) - this, it
Ce doit être un bon restaurant - This must be a good restaurant
se - reflexive pronoun
Il se lève à huit heures - He gets up at 8 o'clock

celle - see sel

c'en - contraction of ce + en (adverbial pronoun)
C'en est trop - This is too much
cent - one hundred
J'ai cent dollars - I have a hundred dollars
le sang - blood
Il y a du sang sur ta chemise - There's blood on your shirt
sans (preposition) - without
Je suis sorti sans manger - I went out without eating
s'en - se + en
Il s'en venait tranquillement - He was approaching unhurriedly
sens - first and second person singular of sentir (to feel, smell)
sent - third person singular of sentir
Ça sent bon !

- That smells good!

censé - supposed to
Je suis censé partir à midi - I'm supposed to leave at noon
sensé - sensible
C'est un homme sensé - He's a sensible man

c'est + vowel or mute h (due to liaison)
C'est une bonne idée - That's a good idea
cet - masculine demonstrative adjective in front of a vowel/mute h
Cet homme est beau - That man is handsome
cette - feminine demonstrative adjective
Cette femme est belle - That woman is beautiful
sept - seven
J'ai sept chats - I have seven cats
s'est + vowel or mute h
Il s'est habillé tout seul - He got dressed all by himself
Sète - a village in southern France

c'était - it was
C'était formidable - It was great
s'était - se + third person singular imperfect of être
Il s'était déjà levé - He had already gotten up
s'étaient - se + third person plural imperfect of être
Elles s'étaient habillées - They had gotten dressed

la chair - flesh
la chaire - pulpit, post, (university) chair
Ils vont créer une chaire d'arabe - They're going to create a chair of Arabic
cher - dear, expensive
un cher ami - a dear friend

chœur - choir, chorus
J'aimerais bien écouter le chœur - I'd really like to listen to the choir
cœur - heart
Il a le cœur malade - He has a weak heart

chouette - great, nice
Je l'aime bien, elle est chouette - I really like her, she's great
chouette - owl
As-tu vu la chouette hier soir ? - Did you see the owl last night?

-ci - this (suffix)
Cet arbre-ci est plus joli que celui-là - This tree is prettier than that one
scie - saw
Il doit acheter une nouvelle scie - He needs to buy a new saw
si - if
Si tu es prêt... - If you're ready...
si - yes (in response to a negative question)
Tu ne viens pas ? Si ! - Aren't you coming? Yes!
six - six
s'y - se + y (adverbial pronoun)
Il est temps de s'y mettre - It's time to get on with it

un compte - account, count, calculation
un comte - count
Le Comte de Monte Cristo - The Count of Monte Cristo
un conte - story

cool - cool
Ça c'est cool - That's cool
coule(s) - singular indicative conjugations of couler (to run, flow)
Le Rhône coule du nord au sud - The Rhone flows from north to south

le cou - neck
Pourquoi les girafes ont-ils de longs cous ? - Why do giraffes have long necks?
le coup - blow
Il a pris un coup sur la tête - He took a blow to the head
le coût - cost
le coût de la vie - the cost of living

la cour - yard, courtyard
Je vais planter des fleurs dans la cour - I'm going to plant some flowers in the yard
le cours - course
J'ai bien aimé ce cours - I really liked this course
court - short
Ce chemin est plus court - This way is shorter
le court - tennis court

le cul - ass
q - letter of the French alphabet

le cygne - swan
J'ai vu un cygne sur l'étang - I saw a swan on the pond
le signe - sign, gesture
Je ne comprends pas le signe que tu as fait - I don't understand the sign you made

D

d - letter of the French alphabet
un dé - thimble, die
J'ai besoin de deux dés - I need two dice
des (indefinite article) - some
des (partitive article) - some
des (contraction of de + les) - of/about the

dans (preposition) - in
C'est dans le tiroir - It's in the drawer
d'en - preposition de + en (adverbial pronoun)
Nous n'avons pas fini d'en parler - We haven't finished talking about it
une dent - tooth
Je me brosse les dents - I'm brushing my teeth

davantage - more
En voulez-vous davantage ? - Would you like some more?
d'avantage - de + avantage (advantage)
Ce poste manque d'avantages - This job doesn't have (many) advantages

de (preposition) - of, from, about
Je suis de Californie - I'm from California
deux - two
J'ai deux frères - I have two brothers
Note: These are not true homophones because they have different phonetic symbols, but their pronunciation is nearly identical.

dégoûter - to disgust
Ça me dégoûte - That disgusts me
dégoutter - to drip
De l'eau dégoutte de la table - Water is dripping off the table

un dessein (formal) - design, plan, intention
Il a le dessein de le refaire - He plans/intends to redo it
un dessin - drawing
C'est un joli dessin - It's a nice drawing

le diesel - diesel fuel
Cette station n'a pas de diesel - This station doesn't have any diesel
la diesel - diesel automobile
C'est une diesel - It's a diesel car / It takes diesel

un don - gift, talent, donation
Il a un don pour le tennis - He has a gift for tennis
dont - relative pronoun
C'est le livre dont je t'ai parlé - It's the book I told you about

du (partitive article) - some
Veux-tu du pain ? - Do you want some bread?
du - of/about the (contraction of de + le)
dû - past participle of devoir (to have to)



E

e - letter of the French alphabet
euh (interjection) - uh, um, er
Il y a, euh, trois choses à faire - There are, um, three things to do
eux (stressed pronoun) - them
C'est pour eux - It's for them
Note: The letter e is not a true homophone because it has a different phonetic symbol than the other two, but their pronunciation is nearly identical.

-é - past participle ending for -er verbs
parlé, chanté, dansé - spoke, sang, danced
-er - infinitive ending for -er verbs
parler, chanter, danser - to speak, to sing, to dance
-ez - ending for second person plural indicative and imperative of most verbs
(vous) parlez, chantez, dansez - (you) speak, sing, dance

eau - see au

elle (stressed pronoun) - her
Va avec elle. - Go with her.
elle (subject pronoun) - she
Elle le fera demain - She'll do it tomorrow.
elles (stressed pronoun) - them
I did it for them. - Je l'ai fait pour elles.
elles (subject pronoun) - they
Elles viennent avec nous ? - Are they coming with us?
l - letter of the French alphabet

en - see an

entre - between, among
entre toi et moi - between you and me
entre(s) - singular conjugations of entrer (to enter)

ère - see r

es - see ai

ès - see s

un espace - space, room
Y a-t-il de l'espace ? - Is there any room?<br/>une espace - printing space
Il faut mettre une espace entre ces mots - We need to put a space between these words
une Espace - car model from Renault
Je vais acheter une Espace - I'm going to buy an Espace

est, et - see ai

été - past participle of être (to be)
Qui a été blessé ? - Who was hurt?
un été - summer
J'aime voyager en été - I like to travel in the summer

être - to be
un être - being
un être humain - human being
un hêtre - beech tree/wood

eu - past participle of avoir (to have)
Je n'ai pas eu l'occasion de le faire - I didn't have a chance to do it
u - letter of the French alphabet


F

la faim - hunger
La faim dans le monde - World hunger
la fin - end
C'est la fin - That's the end

un fait - fact
Ce n'est pas mon opinion, c'est un fait - It's not my opinion, it's a fact
un faîte - summit, rooftop
(vous) faites - second person plural indicative and imperative of faire (to do, make)
Que faites-vous ? - What are you doing?
une fête - party
À quelle heure commence la fête ? - What time does the party begin?

le fard - make-up
la phare - lighthouse

un fil - thread, yarn, string
J'ai tiré un fil à mon pull - I pulled a thread in my sweater
une file - line, queue
Il a déjà pris la file - He already got in line

un filtre - filter
Je n'ai plus de filtres à café - I don't have any more coffee filters
un philtre - potion
Crois-tu que les philtres d'amour peuvent marcher ? - Do you think love potions work?

final - (adj) final, last
C'est la scène finale - It's the last scene
le finale - finale (music)
Ont-ils fait un finale ? - Did they play a finale?
la finale - final (sports)
Vas-tu jouer la finale ? - Are you going to play in the final (round)?

le flan - custard tart
J'aime bien les flans - I really like custard tarts
le flanc - side, flank
Il est couché sur le flanc - He's lying on his side

la foi - faith
Il faut avoir la foi - You have to have faith
le foie - liver
Je n'aime pas le foie de volaille - I don't like chicken liver
une fois - once, one time
Je l'ai fait une fois - I did it once

le fond - bottom, back, far end
Il faut aller jusqu'au fond - You have to go all the way to the back
fond - third person singular indicative of fondre (to melt)
La neige fond déjà - The snow is already melting
fonds - first and second person singular indicative of fondre
font - third person plural indicative of faire (to do, make)
Qu'est-ce qu'ils font ? - What are they doing?
les fonts - baptismal fount

le foudre - (ironic) leader, large cask
C'est un foudre de guerre - (sarcastic) He's a great war leader
la foudre - lightning
La foudre est tombée sur la maison - Lightning struck the house
Ça a été le coup de foudre - It was love at first sight

G
g - letter of the alphabet
j'ai (contraction of je + first person singular conjugation of avoir [to have]) - I have

le gène - gene
C'est un gène dominant - It's a dominant gene
la gêne - trouble, bother, embarrassment
Il éprouve une certaine gêne à avaler - He's having trouble swallowing
gêne(s) - singular conjugations of gêner (to bother, embarrass)
Ça ne me gêne pas - It doesn't bother me

le gîte - shelter, cottage, ~ bed and breakfast
Nous avons logé dans un gîte - We stayed in a bed and breakfast
la gîte - list, inclination of ship
Le bateau donne de la gîte - The boat is listing

le greffe - court clerk's office
Où se trouve le greffe ? - Where is the court clerk's office?
la greffe - transplant, graft
Il a besoin d'une greffe du cœur - He needs a heart transplant

guère - hardly
Il n'en reste plus guère - There's hardly any left
la guerre - war
C'est une guerre civile - It's a civil war

un guide - guide (book or person)
J'ai acheté un guide gastronomique - I bought a restaurant guide
une guide ~ girl scout/guide
Ma fille veut être guide - My daughter wants to be a girl scout/guide
les guides (f) - reins
Il faut tirer sur les guides - You have to pull on the reins

H

la haine - hatred
n - letter of the alphabet

hauteur - see auteur

hêtre - see être

le hockey - hockey
Il joue au hockey. - He plays hockey.
le hoquet - hiccup
J'ai le hoquet. - I have hiccups.

hôtel - see autel

hou, houe, houx - see août

French Homophones: I

i - letter of the alphabet
y - adverbial pronoun
Il y est allé hier - He went there yesterday

il (subject pronoun) - he, it
Il est médecin - He's a doctor
ils (subject pronoun) - they
Ils ne sont pas prêts - They aren't ready
Note: In informal French, il and ils are commonly pronounced like i.


J

j - letter of the alphabet
j'y - contraction of je and y (adverbial pronoun)
J'y vais ! - I'm going!

j'ai - see g

le jars - gander
Nous avons une oie et un jars - We have one goose and one gander
la jarre - earthenware jar
J'ai trouvé une jarre antique - I found an antique jar

jeune - young
Il est très jeune - He is very young
un/e jeune - young person
le jeûne - fast, fasting
C'est un jour de jeûne - It's a fast day


l - see elle

la (feminine definite article) - the
la pomme - the apple
la (feminine direct object pronoun) - her, it
Je la vois - I see her
là - here, there
Il n'est est pas là - He's not there
l'a - contraction of le or la + third person singular of avoir (to have)
Il l'a acheté - He bought it
l'as - contraction of le or la + second person singular of avoir
Tu l'as vu ? - You saw him?

le lac - lake
la laque - lacquer, shellac, hairspray

leur (indirect object pronoun) - them
Je leur donne les clés - I'm giving them the keys
leur(s) (possessive adjective) - their
C'est leur maison - It's their house
le(s)/la leur(s) (possessive pronoun) - theirs
C'est le leur - It's theirs
un leurre - delusion, illusion, deception, trap, lure, decoy
l'heur - good fortune (ironic)
Je n'ai pas eu l'heur de le connaître - I didn't have the good fortune of knowing him
l'heure - hour, time
À l'heure actuelle - At the present time

le livre - book
Comment s'appelle ce livre ? - What is this book called?
la livre - pound
Ça pèse deux livres et coûte cinq livres - That weighs two pounds and costs five pounds

l'on - euphonic contraction of le + on
Ce que l'on a fait - What we did
l'ont - contraction of le or la + third person plural of avoir
Ils l'ont déjà acheté - They already bought it
long - long
Ne sois pas trop long - Don't take too long

M
ma (possessive adjective) - my
ma mère - my mother
m'a - contraction of me (object pronoun) + third person singular avoir (to have)
Il m'a vu - He saw me
m'as - contraction of me + second person singular avoir
Tu m'as regardé - You looked at me

le maire - mayor
la mer - sea
la mère - mother

mai - May
On est le premier mai - It's the first of May
la maie - bread box
mais - but
Mais je ne suis pas prêt ! - But I'm not ready!
mes (possessive adjective) - my
Où sont mes clés ? - Where are my keys?<br/>m'es - contraction of me + second person singular être (to be)
Tu m'es très cher - You are very dear to me
m'est - contraction of me + third person singular être
met - third person singular conjugation of mettre (to put)
Il met le pain sur la table - He's putting the bread on the table
mets - first and second person singular mettre
un mets - dish
Tout le monde doit amener un mets à partager - Everyone needs to bring a dish to share

maître (adjective) - main, major, chief
le maître - master, teacher
mettre - to put

mal - bad, badly, wrong
J'ai mal dormi - I slept badly
le mal - evil, pain
J'ai mal à la tête - I have a headache
mâle* - male, manly
C'est une voix mâle - It's a manly voice
la malle - trunk (suitcase or car)
J'ai déjà fait ma malle - I've already packed my trunk
*This isn't a homophone for everyone; some French speakers make a distinction between a and â

marocain - Moroccan
Il est marocain - He is Moroccan
le maroquin - morocco leather

une mine - expression, look
Il a la bonne mine - He looks good
une mine - mine
C'est une mine d'or - It's a gold mine

mon (possessive adjective) - my
Voici mon père - This is my father
le mont - mountain
J'ai grimpé le mont Blanc - I climbed Mont Blanc
m'ont - contraction me + third person plural conjugation of avoir
Ils m'ont vu - They saw me

mou - soft
la moue - pout

un mur - wall
mûr - ripe
une mûre - blackberry

N
n - see haine

neuf - new (nouveau vs neuf)
neuf - nine

ni - neither
Ni l'un ni l'autre n'est prêt - Neither one is ready
le nid - nest
nie(s) - singular conjugations of nier (to deny)
Il nie l'évidence - He is denying the obvious
nient - third person plural of nier
n'y - contraction of ne + y (adverbial pronoun)
Il n'y a pas de pain - There isn't any bread

le nom - last name, noun
non - no
n'ont - contraction of ne + third person plural conjugation of avoir
Ils n'ont pas d'enfants - They don't have any kids

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Languages › French
French Homophones
Learn the different meanings of French words with the same pronunciation
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Female student listening to another
Klaus Vedfelt/DigitalVision/Getty Images
By ThoughtCo
Updated April 09, 2017
Homophones are words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and, sometimes, spellings. Therefore, French homophones can cause difficulties in oral comprehension and spelling. These pages should help you to understand the difference between the most common French homophones.


French Homophones: O
o, oh - see au

on (indefinite subject pronoun) - one, we, they
On y va ? - Are we going?
ont - third person plural conjugation of avoir (to have)
Ils ont des questions - They have some questions

orange - (invariable adjective) orange
J'ai trois chemises orange - I have three orange shirts
une orange - orange (fruit)
J'ai acheté trois oranges - I bought three oranges

ou, où - see août

French Homophones: P
la paie - pay
la paix - peace
le pet - (familiar) fart

le pain - bread
Je dois acheter du pain - I need to buy some bread
le pin - pine
Je crois que c'est un pin - I think it's a pine (tree)

pair (adjective) - even
C'est un nombre pair - It's an even number
le pair - peer
Il est accepté par ses pairs - He is accepted by his peers
la paire - pair
une paire de ciseaux - a pair of scissors
le père - father
C'est mon père - It's my father

par (preposition) - by/with
Cette histoire a été écrite par un enfant - This story was written by a child
pars - first and second person singular conjugation of partir (to leave)
À quelle heure pars-tu ?

- What time do you leave?
part - third person singular conjugation of partir
une part - part, portion
la part du lion - the lion's share

parce que (conjunctive phrase) - because
Je l'ai fait parce que j'avais peur - I did it because I was scared
par ce que - preposition par + indefinite relative pronoun ce que
Je suis surpris par ce que vous dites - I'm surprised by what you are saying

parti - past participle of partir (to leave)
Il est déjà parti - He already left.
un parti - (political) party; option, course of action
une partie - part, amount
Divisez-le en quatre parties - Divide it into four parts.<br/>
la pâte - pastry, dough, paste
les pâtes - pasta
la patte - paw

la peau - skin
Les soins de la peau sont très importants - Skin care is very important
le pot - jar, pot, can
J'ai acheté un pot de confiture - I bought a jar of jam

(un) peu - (a) little
J'ai un peu d'argent - I have a little money
peux - first and second person singular conjugation of pouvoir (can, to be able)
Je peux le faire - I can do it
peut - third person singular conjugation of pouvoir

phare - see fard

philtre - see filtre

plus tôt - sooner, earlier
On doit commencer une heure plus tôt - We need to start an hour earlier
plutôt - (adverb) rather, instead
Je préfère plutôt la chemise rouge - I'd rather have the red shirt

le poids - weight
le pois - pea, dot
la poix - tar, pitch

le poing - fist
Il m'a montré le poing !

- He shook his fist at me!
le point - point, place; stitch
Quel est son point de congélation ? - What is its freezing point?

le porc - pig, pork
Je ne mange pas le porc - I don't eat pork
le port - port, harbor
Il est sorti du port - He left port

le pouce - thumb
la pousse - sprout

près (adverb) - near, nearby
J'habite tout près - I live nearby
prêt (adjective) - ready
Es-tu prêt ? - Are you ready?

pu - past participle of the French verb pouvoir (to be able)
pue(s) - singular conjugations of the French verb puer (to stink)
puent - third person plural conjugation of puer

la pub (apocope of publicité) - ad, advert, advertising
As-tu vu leur nouvelle pub ? - Have you seen their new ad?
le pub - bar, pub
C'est mon pub préféré - It's my favorite bar

French Homophones: Q
q - see cul

quand - when
Quand vas-tu partir ? - When are you going to leave?
quant - as for
Quant à tes idées… - As for your ideas…
qu'en - contraction of que + en (adverbial pronoun)
Qu'en pensez-vous ? - What do you think about it?
le camp - camp, side
Il a changé de camp - He changed sides

quart - see car

que (interrogative pronoun) - what
Que veux-tu ? - What do you want?
que (relative pronoun) - than, that
Voici le livre que j'ai écrit - Here is the book that I wrote
la queue - line, tail
Il faut faire la queue - We have to stand in line
qu'eux - contraction of que + eux (stressed pronoun)
J'ai plus d'idées qu'eux - I have more ideas than they do
Note: The vowel sound in que is slightly different than in the other two, but for non-native speakers these are likely to sound like homophones

quel(le)(s) - (interrogative adjective) which
Quel livre vas-tu acheter ?

- Which book are you going to buy?
qu'elle - contraction of que + elle
Tu es plus jolie qu'elle - You are prettier than she is

quelque(s) - some
Il y a quelques problèmes - There are some problems
quel(le)(s) que - whatever
Quels que soient les problèmes… - Whatever the problems may be…

quelquefois - sometimes (adverb)
Ça marche quelquefois - It works sometimes
quelques fois - a few times
J'y suis allé quelques fois - I've gone there a few times

qu'il - contraction of que + il
Je pense qu'il est là - I think he's there
qu'ils - contraction of que + ils
Je pense qu'ils sont là - I think they are there

quoique (subordinating conjunction) - although
Quoique je suis malade… - Although I am sick…
quoi que (conjunctive phrase) - whatever
Quoi que tu penses… - Whatever you may think…


French Homophones: R
r - letter of the French alphabet
air - (masculine noun) air; appearance
Il a l'air malade - He looks sick
une aire - area, zone, eyrie
Je cherche une aire de jeux - I'm looking for a playground
une ère - era
En l'an 1999 de notre ère - In 1900 AD

la reine - queen
le renne - reindeer

la rose - rose
J'aime bien les roses - I really like roses
le rose - pink
Je préfère la chemise rose - I prefer the pink shirt

la roue - wheel
Je sais changer une roue - I know how to change a tire
le roux - red(-head), roux
Il a les cheveux roux - He has red hair
For the difference in pronunciation between roue/roux and rue, see my lesson on OU vs U

French Homophones: S
s - letter of the French alphabet
ès - in (a certain subject)
Il a une licence ès ingénierie - He has a BS in engineering

sa - see ça

sain - healthy, sound, wholesome
Il est sain et sauf chez lui - He's safe and sound at home
saint - holy, saintly
le vendredi saint - Good Friday
un saint - saint
un sein - breast

sais, sait - see c

sang, sans, s'en - see c'en

un saut - jump, leap
Il s'est levé d'un saut - He jumped to his feet
un sceau - seal, stamp, mark
C'est marqué d'un sceau - It's marked with a seal
un seau - bucket, pail
sot - silly, foolish, stupid

scie - see ci

se - see ce

le sel - salt
la selle - saddle
celle (demonstrative pronoun) - this/that one
Je préfère celle-ci - I prefer this one

s'en, sens, sent - see c'en

sensé - see censé

sept, s'est + vowel, Sète - see c'est + vowel

ses, s'est - see c

s'était, s'étaient - see c'était

si, six - see ci

signe - see cygne

soi - oneself
Il faut avoir confiance en soi - One must be self-confident
le soi - self, id
Le soi, le moi et le sur-moi - The id, the ego, and the superego
sois - first and second person singular subjunctive of être (to be)
Il faut que tu sois là - You have to be there
la soie - silk
C'est un chemisier en soie - It's a silk blouse
soient - third person plural subjunctive of être
soit - third person singular subjunctive of être

le sol - ground, floor, silt
la sole - sole (fish)

la somme - sum, amount
le somme - snooze, nap

son (possessive adjective) - his, her, its
C'était son idée - It was his idea
le son - sound, bran
C'est un ingénieur de son et il n'aime pas la farine de son - He's a sound engineer and he doesn't like bran flour
sont - third person plural conjugation of être (to be)
Ils sont en retard - They are late

un sou - cent
sous - under

sur - sour (adjective)
C'est un peu sur - It's a little sour
sur (preposition) - on
Il n'y a rien sur la table - There's nothing on the table
sûr - sure, certain
Oui, j'en suis sûr - Yes, I'm sure

s'y - see ci

French Homophones: T
t - letter of the French alphabet
le thé - tea
Je préfère le thé vert - I prefer green tea

ta (possessive adjective) - your
Voici ta valise - Here's your suitcase
t'a - contraction of te (object pronoun) + third person singular conjugation of avoir (to have)
Il t'a déjà dit - He already told you

tant - so (many/much)
Il travaille tant ! - He works so much!
le temps - weather, time
Quel temps fait-il ? - How's the weather?
t'en - contraction of te + en (adverbial pronoun)
Je t'en donne deux - I'm giving you two of them
tend(s) - singular conjugations of the French verb tendre (to strain, tighten)
Tend la main et je te le donnera - Hold out your hand and I'll give it to you
tes (possessive adjective) - your
Où sont tes stylos ? - Where are your pens?
t'es - contraction of te (reflexive pronoun) + second person singular conjugation of être (to be) [in the passé composé of a pronominal verb]
À quelle heure t'es-tu réveillé ? - What time did you get up?
t'est - contraction of te (object pronoun) + third person singular of être
Qu'est-ce qui t'est arrivé ? - What happened to you?

le thon - tuna (fish)
ton (second person singular possessive adjective) - your
Où est ton sac ? - Where's your bag?
un ton - tone, pitch
Il parle sur un ton grave - He speaks in a serious tone
tond(s) - singular conjugations of the French verb tondre (to shear, mow)
Je tonds le gazon le samedi - I mow the lawn on Saturday
t'ont - contraction of te + third person plural conjugation of avoir (to have)
Ils t'ont menti - They lied to you

le tic - tic, twitch
Il a un tic nerveux - He has a nervous tic
la tique - tick
Mon chien a des tiques - My dog has ticks

la tour - tower
le tour - tour, turn

tout - all, everything
le toux - cough

tu - you
tu - past participle of the French verb se taire (to be quiet)
tue(s) - singular conjugations of tuer (to kill)
tuent - third person plural conjugation of tuer

French Homophones: U
u - see eu

French Homophones: V
vain - empty, superficial
Ce sont de vains mots - Those are empty words
le vin - wine
vingt - twenty
vins - first and second person passé simple of venir (to come)
vint - third person singular passé simple of venir

vend - third person singular conjugation of vendre (to sell)
Il vend sa maison - He's selling his house
vends - first and second person singular conjugation of vendre
le vent - wind
Il y a du vent - It's windy

un ver - worm
un verre - glass
vers (preposition) - toward
un vers - verse
vert - green

voie - first and third person singular subjunctive of voir (to see)
Il faut qu'elle voie son frère - She has to see her brother
la voie - way, route
C'est une voie privée - It's a private road
voient - third person plural indicative and subjunctive of voir
voies - second person singular subjunctive of voir
vois - first and second person singular indicative of voir
Je ne le vois pas - I don't see it
voit - third person singular indicative of voir
la voix - voice
Ils parlent à voix basse - They are speaking in low voices

voir - to see
Je ne peux pas voir l'écran - I can't see the screen
voire - indeed, or even, if not
C'est une bonne idée, voire excellente - It's a good, or even excellent, idea

vu - past participle of voir (to see)
Je l'ai vu hier - I saw him yesterday
vu (presentative) - given, considering
Vu notre situation… - Given our situation…
la vue - sight
Il perd la vue - He's losing his sight

French Homophones: Y
y - see i


m' t' s'
l' d' n'
qu' y en

a e i o u an en in on un au eu ou oe

os
os au eau haut



d'eau
dos

eau
d'eau
l'eau



m'y t'y s'y
si

m'en t'en s'en
mens sans sang

qu'y qu'en
qui quand

d'y d'en
dit dans dent

n'y n'en
ni



that gives

m'y t'y s'y
si

There's also:
- la mie 'a crumb'
- je/il scie 'I/he saws sth', tu scies 'you saw sth', ils scient 'they saw sth', scie ! 'saw (it)!' (conjugations of scier 'to saw sth' 鋸木頭)
- the prefix ci- 'here', e.g. ci-joint, ci-dessous
- the suffix -ci 'this', e.g. celui-ci, cette place-ci

m'en t'en s'en
mens sans sang

- il ment 'he lies' (conjugation of je/tu mens, infinitive mentir)
- je/tu sens 'I/you lie', il sent 'he lies', sens ! 'lie!' (conjugations of sentir)
- le sens 'direction' (only in wrong direction idioms: sens dessus dessous 'upside-down', sens devant arrière 'in a back-to-front direction')
- le cent, les cents 'cent' 貨幣分

qu'y qu'en
qui quand

- le ki (from the Japanese pronunciation of le qi, le ch'i, le chi; refers to the Chinese concept of chi flowing energy, 氣)
- quant 'how much'
- Caen (a pictoresque city in Normandy, France)

d'y d'en
dit dans dent

- je/tu dis 'I/you say', dis ! 'say (it)!' (conjugations of il dit, infinitive dire)
- dix 'ten'

n'y n'en
ni

- le nid 'nest'
- je/il nie 'I deny, he denies', tu nies 'you deny', ils nient 'they deny', nie ! 'deny!' (conjugations of nier)




n'ai n'as n'a n'ont
n'es n'est

qu'à
qu'on


s'est




au fait by the way
en fait actually
de fait indeed

au plus to the most
en plus moreover
de plus moreover


n' l' m' t' s' y en as a ont eu es est sont été qu' à de

Verbs + à + noun
acheter à to buy from
arracher à to grab, tear away from
aller à to suit (someone)
assister à (la réunion) to attend (the meeting)
s’attendre à to expect (something)
conseiller à to advise
convenir à qqun / qqch to please, be suitable for s.o. / s.t.
croire à to believe something
défendre à to forbid
demander (qqch) à qqun to ask someone (something)
déplaire à to displease / be displeasing to
désobéir à to disobey
dire à qqun to say / tell
donner qqch à qqun to give someone something
écrire à quelqu’un to write to someone
emprunter qqch à qqun to borrow something from s.o.
envoyer qqch à qqun to send something to someone
être à to belong to
faire attention à to pay attention to
faire confiance à to trust (someone)
faire mal à to hurt
faillir à to fail in / at / to
se fier à (quelqu’un) to trust (someone)
goûter à quelque chose to taste something
s’habituer à to get used to
interdire (qqch) à qqun to forbid someone (something)
s’intéresser à to be interested in
jouer à to play (a game or sport)
manquer à to miss someone
mêler à to mingle with / to join in
nuire à to harm
obéir à to obey
s’opposer à to oppose
ordonner à to order
pardonner à to pardon, forgive
parler à to talk to
penser à to think of / about
permettre à to permit
plaire à to please / be pleasing to
prendre garde à to be careful of, watch out for
procurer à quelqu’un to obtain for someone
profiter à to benefit / be profitable to
promettre à to promise
raconter à qqun to tell someone
rappeler à to remind (someone)
réfléchir à to consider / reflect upon
rendre visite à quelqu’un to visit someone
répondre à to answer
reprocher à to criticize
résister à to resist
ressembler à to resemble
réussir à l’examen to pass the test
rêver à to imagine, dream of
serrer la main à quelqu’un to shake hands with someone
servir à to be used for/as
songer à to dream / think of
sourire à to smile at
succéder à to succeed, follow
survivre à to survive
téléphoner à to call
voler (qqch) à qqun to steal (something) from someone

(s') y + verbe



Verbs + à + infinitive
Note that this construction may be equivalent to an English infinitive (e.g., to do) or a gerund (doing).

aider à to help to
s’amuser à to amuse oneself ___-ing
apprendre à to learn how to
s’apprêter à to get ready to
arriver à to manage / succeed in ___-ing
aspirer à to aspire/yearn to
astreindre (qqun) à to compel / force (someone) to
s’attendre à to expect to
s’autoriser à to authorize / allow to
avoir à to have to / be obliged to
chercher à to attempt to
commencer à* to start to / ___-ing
consentir à to consent to
continuer à* to continue to / ___-ing
contraindre (qqun) à to force / compel (someone) to
décider (quelqu’un) à to persuade (someone) to
se décider à to make up one’s mind to
encourager à to encourage to
s’engager à to get around to
enseigner à to teach to
s’épuiser à to exhaust oneself ___-ing
forcer à to force to
s’habituer à to get used to
hésiter à to hesitate to
s’intéresser à to be interested in
inviter (quelqu’un) à to invite (someone) to
se mettre à to start, set about ___-ing
obliger (qqun) à to oblige/force (someone) to
parvenir à to succeed in ___-ing
passer du temps à to spend time ___-ing
perdre du temps à to waste time ___-ing
persister à to persist in ___-ing
se plaire à to take pleasure in ___-ing
pousser (quelqu’un) à to urge/push (someone) to
prendre garde à to be careful to
se préparer à to prepare oneself to
rechigner à to grudge ___-ing
recommencer à to begin ___-ing again
réfléchir à to consider ___-ing
renoncer à to give up ___-ing
se résigner à to become resigned to ___-ing
résister à to resist ___-ing
réussir à to succeed in ___-ing
servir à to serve to
songer à to dream of ___-ing
tarder à to delay / be late in ___-ing
tenir à to hold (someone) to / insist on ___-ing
venir à to happen to
* Can also be followed by de with exactly the same meaning – see Verbs with à and / or de.

Verb + de + noun
s’agir de to be a question of
s’apercevoir de to notice
approcher de to approach
arriver de (Paris, Canada) to arrive from (Paris, Canada)
avoir besoin de to need
avoir envie de to want
avoir l’habitude de to be used to, in the habit of
avoir peur de to be afraid of
changer de (train) to change (trains)
convaincre de to convince of
couvrir de to cover with
déborder de (informal) to be bursting with
démunir (qqun) de to deprive (s.o.) of
dépendre de to depend on
douter de to doubt
écrire de (la main gauche) to write with (the left hand)
s’emparer de to grab
s’étonner de to be amazed by
féliciter de to congratulate
hériter de to inherit
jouer de to play (an instrument)
jouir de to enjoy
manquer de to lack
se méfier de to distrust, beware of
se moquer de to make fun of
s’occuper de to be busy with
partir de to leave
se passer de to do without
penser de to have an opinion about
se plaindre de to complain about
profiter de to make the most of
punir de to punish for
recompenser de to reward for
remercier de to thank for
se rendre compte de to realize
rêver de to dream of, desire
rire de to laugh at
servir de to put to use as
se servir de to use
se soucier de to care about
se souvenir de to remember
tenir de to take after, resemble
se tromper de to mistake
vivre de to live on

(s') en + verbe



Verb + de + infinitive
Note that this construction may be equivalent to an English infinitive (e.g., to do) or a gerund (doing).

accepter de to accept, agree to
accuser (quelqu’un) de to accuse (someone) of
achever de to finish ___-ing
s’agir de to be a question of ___-ing
(s’)arrêter de to stop ___-ing
attendre de to wait to
avertir (qqun) de (ne pas) to warn (someone) (not) to
avoir peur de to be afraid of ___-ing
blâmer (qqun) de to blame (someone) for ___-ing
cesser de to stop, cease ___-ing
choisir de to choose to
commander (à qqun) de to order (someone) to
commencer de* to start to / ___-ing
conseiller de to advise to
se contenter de to be happy ___-ing
continuer de* to continue to / ___-ing
convenir de to agree to
craindre de to fear ___-ing
décider de to decide to
défendre (à quelqu’un) de to forbid (someone) to do s.t.
demander (à quelqu’un) de to ask (someone) to do something
se dépêcher de to hurry to
déranger quelqu’un de to bother someone to
dire (à quelqu’un) de to tell (someone) to do something
s’efforcer de to endeavor, try one’s best to
empêcher de to prevent, keep from ___-ing
s’empresser de to hurry to
ennuyer quelqu’un de to bother/upset someone to
essayer de to try to
être (adjective / past participle) de to be (adj / ___ed) to
s’excuser de to apologize for ___-ing
féliciter de to congratulate for ___-ing
finir de to finish ___-ing
se hâter de to hurry to
manquer de to neglect, fail to
mériter de to deserve to
offrir de to offer to
oublier de to forget to
(se) permettre de to allow (oneself) to
persuader de to persuade to
prendre garde de to be careful not to
prendre le parti de to decide to
se presser de to hurry to
prier de to beg to
promettre de to promise to
proposer de to suggest ___-ing
refuser de to refuse to
regretter de to regret ___-ing
remercier de to thank for ___-ing
rêver de to dream of ___-ing
risquer de to risk ___-ing
se soucier de to care about ___-ing
se souvenir de to remember ___-ing
supplier de to be / beseech
tâcher de to try to
venir de (faire quelque chose) to have just (done something)
* Can also be followed by à with exactly the same meaning.


Verb + noun
apercevoir to catch sight of
appeler to call (someone)
approuver to approve of
attendre to wait for
chercher to look for
côtoyer to be next to
craindre to fear
demander to ask for
descendre to go down
devoir to owe (money)
écouter to listen to
emmener to take
entendre to hear
envoyer to send
essayer to try on
estimer to assess, estimate
grignoter to nibble on
habiter (optional à) to live in
ignorer to be unaware of
inviter to invite (someone)
mettre to put on
monter to go up, climb
payer to pay for
pleurer to cry about
préférer to prefer
prier to pray to
puer to stink of
regarder to look at
reprocher qqch to criticize (s.o.) for s.t.
réussir to succeed at, pull off
risquer to risk
sentir to smell of, to feel
soigner to take care of
subir to be subjected to
voir to see
vouloir to want

Verb + infinitive
Note that this construction may be equivalent to an English infinitive (e.g., to do) or a gerund (doing).

adorer to love to
aimer to like to
aller to go, to be going to (learn more)
avoir beau despite doing, however much (one) does
compter to expect, intend to
croire to think that (learn more)
daigner to deign, condescend to
désirer to want to
détester to hate ___-ing
devoir must, to have to, be obliged to (learn more)
écouter to listen to
entendre to hear ___-ing (verbs of perception)
espérer to hope to
être censé to be supposed to
faillir to almost do something (learn more)
faire to make (s.o.) do (causative construction)
falloir to be necessary to (learn more)
se figurer to imagine, picture ___-ing
s’imaginer to imagine ___-ing
laisser to allow/let (s.o.) do
nier to deny ___-ing
oser to dare to
paraître to appear to
penser to plan on, intend to
pouvoir to be able to (learn more)
préférer to prefer to
prétendre to claim to
regarder to watch (s.o.) ___-ing (verbs of perception)
savoir to know how to (learn more)
sembler to seem to
sentir to feel (s.o.) ___-ing (verbs of perception)
souhaiter to wish to
valoir mieux to be preferable to
voir to see (s.o.) ___-ing (verbs of perception)
vouloir to want to


.. ne ..

ne .. que

dont

subjonctif
Last edited by ninuno on Thu Nov 05, 2020 12:20 am, edited 9 times in total.
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ninuno
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Posts: 76
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Languages: English (B2-C), French (B1), German (A1), Russian(?),
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Mandarin Chinese (N), Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese,
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Re: {language log routinel

Postby ninuno » Fri Jul 31, 2020 1:46 am

_
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Posts: 76
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Re: {language log routinel

Postby ninuno » Tue Aug 04, 2020 9:52 pm

nilch
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ninuno
Yellow Belt
Posts: 76
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Languages: English (B2-C), French (B1), German (A1), Russian(?),
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Re: {language log routinel

Postby ninuno » Sat Aug 08, 2020 3:48 am

th t d
p
k
j
s




Th T D Dh
T N R S

T N R L
ng nh n -N -n



t d s thz
T D S THZ
kh x h g gh
Last edited by ninuno on Thu Oct 01, 2020 5:07 am, edited 2 times in total.
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ninuno
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Posts: 76
Joined: Tue Mar 03, 2020 2:48 pm
Languages: English (B2-C), French (B1), German (A1), Russian(?),
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Re: {language log routinel

Postby ninuno » Sat Aug 08, 2020 9:21 pm

uni apply
fafsa apply
shiyejin ?
lookingintolivings
Last edited by ninuno on Thu Oct 01, 2020 5:08 am, edited 1 time in total.
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ninuno
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Posts: 76
Joined: Tue Mar 03, 2020 2:48 pm
Languages: English (B2-C), French (B1), German (A1), Russian(?),
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Mandarin Chinese (N), Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese,
Thai, Filipino, Malay-Indonesian, Burmese,
Soteapanec, !Xóõ, etc
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Re: {language log routinel

Postby ninuno » Thu Oct 01, 2020 4:53 am

french:

- listening is very difficult, with all sorts of liaisons and contractions
- many homophones sometimes with contractions (!)
-[ conjugation of verbs difficult ]
-[ h muet h aspiré ]
- ne.. que
- y, en .. very often with contractions verbes à, de
m'y t'y s'y

german:
- the genders and irregular plurals of nouns
- past tense past participe
- the separable prefixes can go way behind everything in the sentence ( an ab ein um zu ?
* pron adj noun declension


russian :
- imperfective / perfective pairs irregular
does -----------------------------does-ed
w/done-s ---- w/done-ed
- adjectives short forms accent marks irregular
verb conjugation, noun declension accent marks
* pron adj noun declension
* gerunds - active ' passive

italian, spanish, portuguese :
- bescherelle larousse


european languages:
- swedish × dutch : common / neuter
- pl , gr


chinese :
- thousands of characters
- quantifiers
-
- grammar points


japanese :
- onyomi / kunyomi / - kanji
- grammar points
-

korean :
- pronunciation
- grammar points
- causative/passive ?

vietnamese :
- alphabet

thai :
- alphabet

filipino :
- -um- , -in- , ..

indonesian :
- per-, mem-, ...

fareast asian languages:



arabic:
- abjad
- h kh x ' gh
- irregular plural nouns
- verb classes
-

turkish:
* vowel harmony
- aorist tense

persian:
- abjad
- present stems
-


hindustani :
- th t d dh , retroflex
- declinable v indeclinable adjectives * hindi-urdu
- trio verbs accusative + causative +
- auxiliary verbs

bengali:

telugu:

tamil:
- retroflex , some irregular letters
- verb classes
- causative ?
- auxiliary verbs

me/sa languages:
-


african languages:
- noun classes
- click consonants
-

amerindian languages:
- polysynthesis, noun-incorporation
- ergative-absolutive
- liaison

paleosiberian
polynesian
Last edited by ninuno on Thu Nov 05, 2020 12:44 am, edited 4 times in total.
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