Invasion from the steppe (Indo-European expansion)

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Kraut
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Re: Invasion from the steppe (Indo-European expansion)

Postby Kraut » Fri Jul 06, 2018 1:13 pm

Interactive map with time-line

The Homeland: In the footprints of the early Indo-Europeans

http://homeland.ku.dk/
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Re: Invasion from the steppe (Indo-European expansion)

Postby Kraut » Fri Jul 27, 2018 4:43 pm

This paper is regularly updated, has excellent maps, free under Creative Commons:

Carlos Quiles

Indo-European demic diffusion model

https://indo-european.info/indo-europea ... el-3.5.pdf
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Re: Invasion from the steppe (Indo-European expansion)

Postby Kraut » Wed Aug 15, 2018 6:58 pm

Great papers from a Copenhague conference on the Indo-Europeans:



https://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/roe_sommerskole/


The Indo-European languages
Thomas Olander PhD, DPhil. (University of Copenhagen

https://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/roe_sommers ... slides.pdf

-----------------------------

https://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/roe_sommers ... s_edit.pdf

Introducing The Homeland Timeline Map:
Prehistoric migrations in “real time”

Mikkel Nørtoft, MA

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https://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/roe_sommers ... r_2018.pdf

Indo-Europeans, Aryans and Nazi mythology

Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead PhD (University of Copenhagen)

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The Indo-Europeanization of Europe

Prof. Kristian Kristiansen (University of Gothenburg)

https://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/roe_sommers ... r_2018.pdf

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The Indo-Europeanization of Europe

Prof. Kristian Kristiansen (University of Gothenburg)

https://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/roe_sommers ... l_2018.pdf

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Emergence of the Germanic languages in Northern Europe

Seán Vrieland PhD (University of Copenhagen)

https://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/roe_sommers ... Summer.pdf


and a lot more
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videos on Facebook (audio is bad)

https://www.facebook.com/pg/RoESummerSe ... e_internal
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Re: Invasion from the steppe (Indo-European expansion)

Postby Kraut » Thu Sep 27, 2018 1:03 pm

I should have looked in Wikipedia first before opening the thread: it's all there.

Indo-European migrations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Euro ... lto-Slavic
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Re: Invasion from the steppe (Indo-European expansion)

Postby Iversen » Thu Sep 27, 2018 8:13 pm

I have learnt one new thing in relation to this topic, namely that it now is possible to analyse DNA even when the helices have split up into single strands. This will make it possible to study even more degraded DNA from the past.

There are two things which still aren't quite clear for me - although somebody must know the answers (maybe it is written in one of the sources in Kraut's last message. The first problem is the year when the Yamnaya genes first are found in Northern Europe, i.e. Scandinavia and Northern Germany. It happens somewhere between the demise of the megalitic culture and the onset of the bronze age, but I would expect an early date since we know that the Yamnaya didn't bring neither copper, nor the chariot with them - but the funeral traditions changed rather abrupty shortly after 2800 BC.

The second problem is that the haplogroup R1B is the dominant one in Denmark and Western Europe, but in Poland (as in Russia) it is R1A. This is confusing since the scholars who have delivered the genetic facts concerning the genetic shift have claimed that the Yamnaya invasion went through Eastern Europe. So either is this not correct OR the later Slavic expansion was much more pervasive than most sources have indicated - so massive that R1B genes almost were squeezed out of existence (which isn't very likely) . So in Denmark we would have the three 'generations' of inhabitants, as stated by people like Eske Willerslev, but they should have had FOUR in Poland - the first three the same as here in Denmark and then one of the same magnitude much later with the Slavic invasion.
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Re: Invasion from the steppe (Indo-European expansion)

Postby Kraut » Sat Dec 01, 2018 10:56 pm

There is an upcoming conference with some of the talks trying to shed more comprehensive light on recent discoveries in genetics and how they relate to linguistics and archeology.

GENES, ISOTOPES AND ARTEFACTS HOW SHOULD WE INTERPRET THE MOVEMENTS OF PEOPLE THROUGHOUT BRONZE AGE EUROPE?

https://www.orea.oeaw.ac.at/fileadmin/I ... gramme.pdf

Abstract

John T. Koch
Formation of the Indo-European Branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution

John T. Koch* *University of Wales, Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies Formation of the Indo-European Branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution Philology and archaeology evolved in tandem for over a century in a general awareness that reconstructed proto-languages (such as Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Celtic) and later prehistoric cultures inhabited the same world. In effect, the two disciplines were studying the same thing. However, mapping reconstructed linguistic evidence onto text-free archaeology presented a near insurmountable challenge. The widespread astonishment that greeted the decipherment of Linear B as Late Bronze Age Greek illustrates the unreliability of carefully argued circumstantial inferences, even at the protohistoric horizon. David Anthony’s The Horse, the Wheel, and Language (2007) impressed many readers, but I know of no prior adherents of the Anatolian hypothesis of Indo-European origins who changed views upon reading it. By then, we knew that ancient DNA evidence was coming. What we had not expected is that it would reveal, not incremental changes of population, but changes so dramatic that they very probably came with a change of language. In particular, this was the case with massive gene flow from the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the 3rd millennium BC, which transformed the Siberian Altai and central, northern, and western Europe. In other words, this new data seemed to confirm, for at least some key elements, the steppe hypothesis that had been constructed and won adherents on the basis of completely non-genetic evidence, rather linguistic and archaeological. There were also less dramatic negative discoveries. For example, Cassidy et al. 2016 shows that three Early Bronze Age men from Rathlin Island were very different genetically from Neolithic woman from near Giant’s Ring outside Belfast. But the men were much closer to the modern Irish. In other words, the shift at the Neolithic–Bronze Age Transition was much greater, and relatively little had happened since. The authors accordingly suggested that the Rathlin men spoke the Indo-European language that then evolved into Gaelic in situ. We can anticipate that genome-wide samples of ancient Europeans will soon number many 10,000s, filling gaps in most parts between the expansion from the steppe and historical populations speaking attested preRoman languages. We shall soon see whether this new evidence (archaeogenetic and isotopic) provides a conclusive advance for mapping nodes of the Indo-European family tree onto prehistoric populations and archaeological cultures. The paper will attempt a snapshot, reviewing results of some recent archaeogenetic studies and what they might imply about languages in later prehistoric Europe. What gaps and uncertainties remain? And where might answers come from?
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Re: Invasion from the steppe (Indo-European expansion)

Postby Iversen » Mon Dec 03, 2018 8:20 pm

I'm surprised that the conference title stresses movements during the bronze age.

At least in Northern Europe the genetic revolution seems to have happened before the arrival of bronze (and chariots), which signaled the beginning of the bronze age. The use of bronze may even have taken another route than the one taken by our R1B1 ancestors from the steppes, and in all likelyhood bronze was obtained through the development of commercial links in an already aristocratic society rather than through an invasion. Two points are worth stressing: 1) the Yamnaya knew about copper, but they didn't have bronze yet. 2) To make bronze you need tin, and the main tin mines were located in Cornwall, where the production started around 2150 (according to Wikipedia) - long after the Yamnaya invasion.

So the really interesting things happened before the bronze age.
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Re: Invasion from the steppe (Indo-European expansion)

Postby Kraut » Fri Dec 07, 2018 7:48 pm

It seems the major invader was not people but the plague that did away with pre-IE Europe.

http://eurogenes.blogspot.com

Europe's ancient proto-cities may have been ravaged by the plague

The Cucuteni-Trypillia culture of the Eneolithic Balkans and Eastern Europe is best know for its mega-settlements or proto-cities, each one featuring hundreds of homes, temples and other structures, and likely to have been inhabited by as many as 20,000 people. But from around 3,400 BC these mega-settlements were no longer being built, and a few hundred years later the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture vanished.

Two main explanations have been given for its rather swift demise: violent invasions by steppe pastoralists from the east and/or a massive out-migration by its people as a result of environmental impacts from rapid climate change (see here). However, these theories have failed to gain wide acceptance due to a lack of hard evidence in their support.

Now, another potential explanation is being offered, and it is supported by hard evidence. According to Rascovan et al., the plague may have been a key factor in the decline of not only the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture, but much of Neolithic Europe (see here). From the paper, emphasis is mine...

Between 5,000 and 6,000 years ago, many Neolithic societies declined throughout western Eurasia due to a combination of factors that are still largely debated. Here, we report the discovery and genome reconstruction of Yersinia pestis, the etiological agent of plague, in Neolithic farmers in Sweden, pre-dating and basal to all modern and ancient known strains of this pathogen. We investigated the history of this strain by combining phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses of the bacterial genome, detailed archaeological information, and genomic analyses from infected individuals and hundreds of ancient human samples across Eurasia. These analyses revealed that multiple and independent lineages of Y. pestis branched and expanded across Eurasia during the Neolithic decline, spreading most likely through early trade networks rather than massive human migrations. Our results are consistent with the existence of a prehistoric plague pandemic that likely contributed to the decay of Neolithic populations in Europe.

...

In this work, we report the discovery of plague infecting Neolithic farmers in Scandinavia, which not only pre-dates all known cases of plague, but is also basal to all known modern and ancient strains of Y. pestis. We identified a remarkable overlap between the estimated radiation times of early lineages of Y. pestis, toward Europe and the Eurasian Steppe, and the collapse of Trypillia mega-settlements in the Balkans/Eastern Europe.
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Re: Invasion from the steppe (Indo-European expansion)

Postby Kraut » Mon Jan 14, 2019 11:11 pm

John T. Koch*

Formation of the Indo-European Branches in the light of the Archaeogenetic Revolution


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnmNbX9md1E
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oi1C1XM ... FQ1uC2Nv4q


Kristian Kristiansen*

Genes, diseases, and migrations: what relationship? Indo-European expansions reconsidered

In this paper I attempt to define and interpret the driving forces behind the 3rd millennium migrations, based on a pastoral mode of production. Kinship system, traction technologies and diseases are evaluated, as well as Indo-European texts. Also a comparison with ethnographically know pastoral groups.
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Re: Invasion from the steppe (Indo-European expansion)

Postby Kraut » Fri Mar 29, 2019 9:39 pm

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech ... lived.html

The most violent group of people who ever lived: Horse-riding Yamnaya

The most violent group of people who ever lived: Horse-riding Yamnaya
tribe who used their huge height and muscular build to brutally murder
and invade their way across Europe more than 4,000 years ago
Yamnaya people dominated Europe from between 5,000 and 4,000 years ago
They had nutritionally rich diets and were tall, muscular and skilled
horse riders
It is believed they exploited a continent recovering from disease and death
They spread rapidly, adapting and massacring their way throughout Europe
Slaughtered Neolithic men in prehistoric genocide to ensure their DNA
survived
They made their way to Britain and within a few generations there was no
remains of the previous inhabitants who built Stonehenge in the genetic
record
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