https://scilogs.spektrum.de/die-sankore ... n-gehirns/
This declarative-procedural (DP) model of language learning predicts that since the lexicon and grammar of a language must be learned, the lexicon will rely heavily on declarative memory and the grammar will rely heavily on procedural memory. Furthermore, the DP model predicts that for a language learner, grammar learning will rely more heavily on declarative memory in the early learning phase and more heavily on procedural memory in the late learning phase because learning is faster with declarative memory than with procedural memory.
Semantic memory, a form of declarative memory, contains conscious factual knowledge. It stores our knowledge about the world and language and, in contrast to autobiographical (= episodic) memory, is not emotionally coloured and free of possible framework conditions, i.e. we do not remember the fact in connection with a place or a specific time. Semantic memory enables us to remember "automatically" that the capital of France is Paris. As a rule, however, you do not remember when, where or from whom you first heard this fact. Semantic memory serves as our mental lexicon. The temporal lobe and the hippocampus in the brain are important for this.
Translated with http://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
Dieses deklarativ-prozedurale (DP)-Modell des Sprachenlernens sagt voraus, dass, da Lexikon und Grammatik einer Sprache erlernt werden müssen, das Lexikon stark vom deklarativen und die Grammatik stark vom prozeduralen Gedächtnis abhängig ist. Darüber hinaus sagt das DP-Modell voraus, dass sich bei einem Sprachenlerner das Grammatiklernen in der frühen Lernphase stärker auf das deklarative in der späten Lernphase stärker auf das prozedurale Gedächtnis stützen wird, weil das Lernen mit dem deklarativen Gedächtnis schneller erfolgt als mit dem prozeduralen Gedächtnis.
Das semantische Gedächtnis, eine Form des deklarativen Gedächtnisses, beinhaltet das bewusste Faktenwissen. Es speichert unser Wissen über die Welt und die Sprache und ist im Gegensatz zum autobiografischen Gedächtnis nicht emotional gefärbt und frei von eventuellen Rahmenbedingungen, d. h. wir erinnern die Gegebenheit nicht in Verbindung mit einem Ort oder einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt. Das semantische Gedächtnis ermöglicht uns “automatisch” zu erinnern, dass die Hauptstadt von Frankreich Paris ist. In der Regel erinnerst du dich aber nicht daran, wann, wo und von wem du diese Tatsache das erste Mal gehört hast. Das semantische Gedächtnis dient uns als mentales Lexikon. Dafür sind im Gehirn der Temporallappen und der Hippocampus wichtig.
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https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/115/7/1487.full.pdf
Child first language and adult second language are
both tied to general-purpose learning systems
Significance
It has long been debated whether the mechanisms that underlie
language are dedicated to this uniquely human capacity or
whether in fact they serve more general-purpose functions. Our
study provides strong evidence that language—indeed both
first and second language—is learned, in specific ways, by
general-purpose neurocognitive mechanisms that preexist
Homo sapiens. The results have broad implications. They eluci-
date both the ontogeny (development) and phylogeny (evolu-
tion) of language. Moreover, they suggest that our substantial
knowledge of the general-purpose mechanisms, from both an-
imal and human studies, may also apply to language. The study
may thus lead to a research program that can generate a wide
range of predictions about this critical domain
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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/ne ... dic-memory
Episodic Memory
Episodic memory is defined as the ability to recall and mentally reexperience specific episodes from one's personal past and is contrasted with semantic memory that includes memory for generic, context-free knowledge.
Abstract
Episodic memory is a past-oriented memory system that allows reexperiencing previous events. Episodic memory is composed of a number of distinct but interacting component processes. Retrieval from episodic memory is subserved by a widely distributed network of brain regions, including temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices; diencephalon; and the cerebellum. This network overlaps partly with those subserving other systems, but specific interactions among regions uniquely define episodic retrieval. Episodic retrieval structures are not static but are affected by factors such as ways of probing episodic memory, practice, and individual differences in genetic makeup and experience.